EV range and charging summaries

These numbers come from WattsOptimal's first-principles physics model (workbook v1.76), computed from US EPA coast-down coefficients, usable battery energy, and measured DC fast-charging curves. They are steady-speed estimates at 68 °F, zero wind, near sea-level air, and a 650 W accessory load (climate control, the 12-volt system, lights). Real-world results vary with weather, terrain, and driving style. The Road Trip Optimizer lets you change speed, arrival charge, stop overhead, and trip conditions for any of these vehicles, and for every battery electric model EPA has tested since 2022.

What the columns mean

Label range is the window-sticker EPA combined range; rows marked "maker est." have no DOE/EPA Fuel Economy Guide entry, so the figure is the manufacturer's own. Model range is the full-pack range predicted at a steady speed. "Unplug around" is the time-optimal fast-charging stop point, arriving near 10% with about 5 minutes of detour per stop: charging past it costs more time at the charger than it saves in stops. 10→80% is the modeled charge time on that vehicle's charge curve; the last column says whether that curve was measured, borrowed from a sibling, or inferred.

Scroll the table sideways for the last columns.

Each curve is one measured session on one car, credited in its row, so it is representative of that model rather than a specification, and the charge times inherit that spread. Rows marked "not yet measured" have no public curve. The 2027 Rivian R2 curve is marked approximate because it was traced by eye from a chart in an Out of Spec video rather than logged. A curve marked "Inferred, not measured" belongs to a car nobody has charged in public yet: it is built from the maker's claims, so its charge times are estimates, and it is replaced when a real session is published.

Where each number comes from

No vehicle here is copied from one place. Each is assembled from separate inputs, so this is which input supplies what.

And this is what each vehicle draws on.

Validation: model versus measured 70 mph range tests

Measured figures are Out of Spec Studios 70 mph highway range tests, recorded in the model's audit file. The model is run at each test day's own air density and at the same 650 W accessory load used everywhere else on this site, because those runs are driven with the air conditioning on. Altitude is the test location: Colorado near 5,000 ft before the move to North Carolina in mid-2025, near sea level after. Across 13 vehicles the model reads +1.6% of measured on average, spread ±7.2%.